Are Women Better Parents Than Men Essay

Bringing up the children has been the mother’s duty since time immemorial. However, things are changing fast as there are single persons opting for adoption and couples unwilling to tide it through together who are opting to take up the job single handed. There is much to support the mother’s role as the primary caregiver of the family and the young ones, especially through reasons embedded in tradition as well as convenience. However, there have been many examples of single men coming forward, with the nurturing spirit surfacing strongly. Would they fare equally well as any woman or would they be at sea, if confronted by the daunting task of caring for a real child 24/7? The external responsibilities that a male usually carries out in a family—set up as the breadwinner and the protector—give him a tough aura that comes in the way of visualising him performing the mother’s role. However, this cannot be used as a benchmark to determine whether the man is capable of providing children with equal, if not more, tenderness, love and care. The perception that precedes any male when it comes to parenting may well have become redundant now, or is it still the same? Are men likely to fare badly at parenting, or have they become more sensitive to the needs of children in a changed environment? In fact some would rather believe that they better than the mothers as well. So do men actually make better parents than women? All individuals are different from one another and may respond or perform at different levels as per their individual capabilities. However, if a generalist idea has to be formed it would be so that women generally make the better parents as they have the innate maternal instincts that allow them to take the best care of their children. Women would have subconsciously built a bond with the child even before it is born. Carrying a child in the womb for nine month is sufficient for strong emotional ties to be formed that are beyond understanding of average human relationships. Nature has implanted the nurture and care automatically in women. Bringing up life in its first few years is extremely important and to ensure safety and survival the women are attuned intrinsically to this need. For the men this part might be the difficult bit. They are seen largely making valuable contributions in a child’s development after he/she has achieved control over bodily functions and has reached a certain level of comprehension. However, there are certain ways in which a father or a male can contribute in the upbringing of children that women cannot do complete justice to. Men are generally rational and logic driven and decisions/choices and actions are based on sound reason. The way a father can allow a child to go all out and grow up would not be possible with mothers, who are more protective and would be daunted by the slightest crunch in the heart. Of course, the exceptions are always there but the go getting spirit, courage and fierce determination can be imparted very well by the male only. It is important as it makes the child more worldly wise and equipped with a skill that will not be taught in any school as a part of the curriculum. An initial advantage that lies with the woman is that she is the one who is physically and mentally programmed naturally to do a better job of parenting. Women generally are more sensitive and attentive to even the smallest needs exhibited by the children. They are inherently good listeners, blessed with more patience to deal with hours of bawling. It can be very challenging to keep comforting little children as they are not able to express or communicate at times about what bothers, pains or frightens them. Mothers are usually patient at such time and are willing to put aside hours to calm and reassure them. The important part worth taking notice of is that the young years are really crucial in the formation of a self-confident and a secure individual. If the children are neglected and ignored, they are likely to shape up as insecure somewhere and no matter how much of inputs and care are given after they grow up, that deficit cannot be made up for. I personally think that women are more capable of adding this tremendous value to a child’s life. However, in the light of recent developments I would like to differ and cite the alternative point of view. The equations in today’s world are changing and the women are actively seeking employment and pursuing very challenging careers. Though the idea of motherhood is very fascinating, the actual process of bringing up a child can be very demanding. And here is where the male’s rational, organised and practical outlook counts. They can make it tick even in such a very demanding situation and hence men are capable of being better parents. I would still say that there is no doubting the fact that mothers make better parents as they are known to be more balanced, especially in crunch situations. If we were to take a neutral scenario where the financial pressure and the emotional mess of a broken household are absent, women are capable of dealing superbly with the task. Usually, the women are projected as emotional wrecks, poor decision makers and incapable of providing a secure future only in situations where they are not educated enough to go out and earn. Other than that, there are ample examples where independent single women have done a splendid job of parenting. I feel that the women are capable of a healthy left brain- right brain activity balance and create and nurture life adeptly. I do agree that there are some very valuable skill sets that may be the exclusive domain of women, but there is much that men may be capable of doing. Men are usually not known to be very expressive about their ideas or their feelings. They are more of the doers. The fact that I really appreciate about fathers is that they are capable of imparting many critical life lessons to their children without actually making them look like lessons. Children emulate their elders. A practical parent would teach the child to evaluate situations without really reacting at the drop of a hat. Men are good at controlling their emotions and by exhibiting more of the controlled reactions in crisis situations teach them calm, analytical approach. Then, there is the general conduct adopted toward the various people that instils etiquette, politeness and fist lessons in people skills. The other issue with the females is that even when the child has grown up, they may still be clinging on somewhere. Men will not be so edgy about letting go. I really feel that men are better parents as they are capable of a more hands off approach. TIt comes across as a logical conclusion of this debate that the role of both man and woman is equally significant as parents and it is not necessarily so that women make better parents. Most women make good parents as they are better listeners and tend to be more attentive to one’s needs. Being more sensitive than males, women can forge a closer relationship with their children. Father is commonly seen as the rationalist, but this is not always true. Some fathers can make better parents than mothers; and this could be largely attributed to an individual’s personal upbringing, the childhood he or she experienced and the values that they believe in. If one has had a loving family unit and an environment that made him/her feel loved, it inspires a quite confidence and self-assurance which further gets translated into further parenting. Therefore, it is really immaterial as to whether men or women make better parents. Anyone, with a more mature and balanced outlook is likely to do a better job of parenting—being hands off when required and involved when desired.

Women Entrepreneurship

INTRODUCTION The emergence of women entrepreneur & their contribution to the national economy is quite visible in India. Women have become aware of their existence, their rights & their work situations. The number of women entrepreneur has grown over a period especially in the 1990s. Women have owned & operated business since the beginning of American history & much earlier in other part of the world. They rarely were recognized or given credit for their effort. Often women were invisible as they worked side by side with their husband in businesses & may have only stepped into the leadership position when their husband died. Many recognized business today are owned & operated by the wife or daughter of the founder. Due to gender discrimination & bias many women choose the option of starting & managing their own business that can impede women’s success in the corporate world. Women entrepreneurship need to be studied separately for two main reasons. the first reason is that women’s entrepreneurship has been recognised during the last decade as an untapped source of economic growth. Women entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves & others by being different also provide society with different solution to management , organization & business problem as well as to the exploitation of entrepreneurs opportunities. The second reason is that the topic of women entrepreneurship has been largely neglected both in society general & in social science. Not only have women lower participation rates in entrepreneurial then men but they also generally choose to start & manage firms in different industries then men tend to do. Industries choosen by women are often perceived as being less important to economic development & growth then high technology & manufacturing further more research tend to be men streamed & too often do not take in to account the specific need of women entrepreneur. Why women become entrepreneur:- Women often leave the corporate world by starting their own business, to provide additional flexibility & life balance in managing their traditional responsibilities as wife & primary care taker of children. Different theories suggest that there is no set & standard profile that can be practically applied. For every women who is an entrepreneurs or wants to become one they each have their own set of reasons, motivation & many can not be categorized. Female & male Difference:- In comparing the management style of women & men entrepreneurs women display distinctive features & abilities. Women entrepreneurs shows transformational style of leadership. this style encourages positive interactions & trust based relationship with subordinate with whom they also share power & information. Women in non traditional industries value many both as a motivator and the preferred out come yet Buttner & Moore’s research finding indicate that women’s important goals are for professional growth, development, challenge & self fulfilment while men’s are preferred higher income. Barriers against women entrepreneurs:- Capital Finance :- There are many barriers for women entrepreneurs when falling the prospects of starting a new business research finds the primary barriers is the access to capital finance. This could also include start up financing & credit, cash flow management in the early operation & financial planning. Lack of network :- Another prominent barrier that women entrepreneurs face is the lack of network of information, assistance & mentors. Networking is a set of interrelated relationship that mutually benefit or that are involved, through sharing & giving resources, information & data and personal referrals set. Due to the gender difference in access to network women was excluded from many of the formal & informal networks in organization. Apart form that there are various obstacles that women entrepreneurs face some of these are Low risk bearing ability Male dominated society Lack of Education Scarcity of raw material Role of women Entrepreneurs in the global economy Entrepreneurship emerges from an individual’s creative spirit in to long-term business ownership, job creation & economic security. Women bring commitment and integrity because they care about economic empowerment, entrepreneurial development & innovation. As owner of small & edium size enterprise women can supply multinational companies with ideas, inventions, technology, raw materials supplies components & business services, ultimately female business owner will be recognized for who they are, what they do & how significantly they impact global economy. The global impact of women entrepreneur is just beginning to gain intensity. Worldwide the no. of female business owner continues to increase steadily & recent on report concluded that economic de velopment is closely related to the advancement of women. In nation where women have advanced economic growth has usually been steady. By contrast, in countries where women have been restricted the economy has been stagnant. Thus we can say entrepreneurship is the core of economic development. It is a multidimensional task & essentially a creative activity. Entrepreneur is key factor of entrepreneurship in the process of entrepreneurship. Women have to face various problems associated with entrepreneurship & these problems get doubled because of her dual role as a wage earner & home maker. Women in India constitute a larger proportion of total unemployed population & hence it is imperative to find out the entrepreneurial constraint faced by them. In Rajasthan situation of women entrepreneur is very critical they face more problems because they are less educated & not aware of govt. supports. In brief the thrust of the study is as follows To ascertain the various constraint faced by women in their enterprise. To identify different strength and weakness of women entrepreneur. To identify various psychological characteristics of women entrepreneur. To know the problems faced by women entrepreneur in setting their enterprise. To know the opportunities and threat faced by women entrepreneurs in Rajasthan.

Sometimes in Winter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sometimes in Winter - Essay Example The succeeding paragraph will also contain my own thoughts and emotion about this work. After having gone though the literary pieces of Linda Pastan, I realized that most of her poems were all about life, love and human emotions. Such that the central them she chose to employ in this poem, Sometimes in winter, talks about her thoughts about life, whether her own life or those of others whom she knew she was a part of as well as those which became part of her. This poem to me, is an allegory about how people become instrumental in the lives of others, and how they step in and walk into that lives leaving footprints that I might as well equate with memory and etched meaning. Linda Pastan's view about life depicts the reality of how people relate with one another, thus the saying no man is an island. We need others in order to make us feel good with in. As human beings, we need other people to interact with, to relate and converse with, even to the extent of realizing what was going on with our own lives by looking at the experiences of others. She used the symbolism of v isualizing the faces of those she loves, those faces that may perhaps touched her lives at one point in time. These can be depicted on the memories of those people we hold dear that are etched inside our minds, and going over that vision again reminds us the things that did both good and bad. Thus, every person's impact in our lives is conceived through the bonds and relationship we established with them. These relationships will become an archive of well kept experiences; those instances that made us laugh, cry, angry or annoyed. These are feelings that remind us about our human qualities embedded within extracted and surfaced because of others. This to me is what she was trying to say in the first line of her poem. Taking into consideration the setting she used, winter, depicts of cold and dark times, times where people are forced into seclusion. With which I take the positive and discuss my own reflections about this particular setting. My views about her poems set in the winter is those times when we feel alone, most certainly down and defeated by circumstances that sometimes are too much for a human emotion to bear, such is a time when we would want to feel lifted and free of all desperation. If we were to incorporate the first line of the poem into the setting, I can say that Pastan had wonderful people around her during her most desperate time. These people were there to support her and keep her warm amidst the coldness and darkness of the nature of her situation. Winter here, depicts of a certain phase of here life where she struggles to cope with realities and accepts the burden, and such was made possible through the assistance of a support group, weather family, friends and love ones. On the other hand, this can also depict a setting with which a negative stand is depicted. It may be that winter in her poem is the experiences caused by other people's wrath and coldness that forces her to shut out and withdraw from. It may be the effect of this experiences that she describes as bleak and dark. The relationship we make with other people does not always turn out the way we want them to be. There are those that

English school, Marxism, Neo Marxism ( short answers) Essay

English school, Marxism, Neo Marxism ( short answers) - Essay Example that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions.† (Bull 1977, 13). He defines system as being an arena which has interaction between communities and no shared rules or institutions. The distinction between international system and international society helps the English School scholars in addressing the question how far international society extends. Significantly, â€Å"by looking at the formation of the system it is possible to discern mechanisms which shape and shove international and world societies...† and â€Å"the category of the system can usefully be used to capture the basic material forces in world politics - flows of information and trade, levels of destructive capability, capacities of actors to affect their environment.† (Dunne 2007, P. 138). There is an essential distinction between the dependency theorists and the realist theorists on the nature of the international system – or more accurately, an inter-state system. The English School scholars were interested in the system basically for what it tells about the history of international society. â€Å"If one takes Bulls developmental insight into the relationship between system and society, then it is clear that the existence of a society presupposes the existence of a system... It is also important to realize that systemic interactions remain a possible future arrangement if the dominant actors in international society cease to comply with the rules and act in ways which undermine the international security.† (Dunne 2007, P. 139). The nature of the international system according the dependency theorists is less convincing than that of the realism. One of the essential considerations in the International Relations is that there is an important distinction between problem solving and critical theories. It was Robert Cox who distinguished between problem solving and critical theories in

Danger to Bees is Danger to Us Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Danger to Bees is Danger to Us - Research Paper Example Besides, when bees feel threatened, depending on their strain they can sting once and in some cases respond to threats in great numbers and even can pursue intruders with more persistence. Bees remain the significant commercial pollinators of crops that rely on animal pollination which account for 35% of world food production (Genersch 87). Therefore, bees are vital for economic and sustainable agriculture as well as food security; hence, their threat translates to human threat. For instance, honeybees and their health has been a major topic in the recent past considering their significant role in pollination and food production. Although some exaggerated suggestions claim that humankind would not survive long if bees disappear, production of many fruits and crops that contribute to healthy diet rely on animal pollination. Therefore, a consideration that goes beyond caloric to consider a balanced and nationally valuable diet animal pollinators remain to be essential, which signifies the importance of honey bees in crop production. Independent crop pollination that never rely on animal pollination account for about 65% and 90% of the remaining 35% is carried out by honeybees. Hence, although demise of bees may not spell the end of human kind, the human diet if honeybees become extinct will be greatly impoverished with the decline of bees. Therefore, the decrease of honeybees and their connection to worldwide food security make the decrease of bees an increasing concern for people because of the declining numbers of bees. Since pollination of crops in North America as well as Europe heavily relies on honeybees, the prevailing development of loss of honeybees is alarming though different nations are affected differently. The decline in number of honeybees in the 1990s within Europe attributed to political as well as economic upheaval caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union. Several countries in the soviet used honey as form of currency, which motivated people t o keep bees but after the economic system changed, honey lost its economic relevance, which forced people to give up beekeeping. These economic links imply sustainable economic benefits for beekeepers in nations with declining bees and beehive management can contribute to stabilization or increase of bees or increase of managed beehives (Genersch 88). The prevailing bee losses are not sustainable and the trend is down as is the case with the quality of bees, which if not handled would lead to lose of many bees. The gravity of the threat to bees was acknowledged when the European commission signified its intention of imposing a ban on class of pesticides often referred to as neonicotinoids, which are widely used in the world (Grossman). This class of pesticides is considered a leading cause of colony collapse in bees; hence, the European commission had to announce the controversial decision following the conclusion by the European Food Safety Agency that pesticides represent acute ri sk to bees. The action by the European commission came as scientists and regulators showed their increased concern regarding the impact of colony collapse on the world’s food supply since many of the planet’s significant food crops rely on insect pollination. According to Grossman, a study regarding crop systems in 6 continents indicated

Final exam - international relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final exam - international relation - Essay Example However, environmental decay has overtaken the world in the recent years, owing to the poor interaction of the herein stated forces. The discussion in this paper investigates the difference between floating and fixed exchange rates and the impacts of each style to a particular country in terms of benefits. The study of the guns vs. butter argument and what is meant by a peace dividend in International Relations is found crucial at this juncture to enhance the understanding of international relations. An overview of what sustainable development will also be provided in addition to relevance of three warning signs of environmental decay that has international consequences. What is the difference between floating and fixed exchange rates? How might each style benefit a particular country? Provide examples The value for money for utilization in distinct countries is determined by the exchange rates. The exchange rates entail the utilization of interconversional figures from a value in on e country, for ease of use in another country. Two main types of exchange rates are in existence, whose determinants are the usage terms and regulations. The currency amount that is set in advance prior to its reception is often identified as the fixed rate. The exchange rate termed as floating currency is often dependent on the exchange time and season, hence not fixed. The fixed currency exchange rate is also termed as pegged from in that the government via the central bank sets a particular value and formalizes it for official use, such that no alterations can be made in regards to that currency. On the other hand, the floating rate is also referred to as a self-correcting rate, since its value is dependent on the supply and demand ratios in the private market. Secondly, a fixed exchange rate creates room for certainty and predictability for those people involved in trade and other business activities. The floating rate has no room for certainty or predictability since the market forces often determine the value for exchange at a particular time or season. The sustainability aspect is also observed when a country has managed to fix its rates of exchange while the aspect is not really considered in the floating exchange since markets demands and supplies can shift at any time depending on the availability of goods and customers. The fixed exchange rates can only be regulated by a an authoritative body for instance the government via the utilization of the central bank while the floating rate can also be determined by the international corporations depending on movement of international products in and out of the market (Heakal, 2011). The fixed currency exchange rate is quite beneficial in a particular country due to its sustainable aspect. The fact that it is never affected by the market dynamics is vey crucial in the growth of the economy since it is until the other parties change their currencies for concession with the available currency. The business en tities in the country are at all times assured of certainty in the exchange rates, hence a factor for the boost of their production morale. Stability of currency is also a crucial component that is promoted via the fixed rates since no fluctuations are expected to occur at any time. The floating rate on the other hand is beneficial in its inclusion of compensation dynamics. The fact that demand and

Why dont Milwaukee School of Engineering offer bus passes for students Assignment - 1

Why dont Milwaukee School of Engineering offer bus passes for students - Assignment Example The situation of travel in the campus is wanting especially for students. There are many benefits of the bus passes but the two that stand out are; cost effectiveness and convenience for the staff and the students. It is also worthwhile noting that to promote the bus pass culture; MSOE can adopt the U-Pass culture and also include the cost for bus pass in tuition to avoid instant payment of bus pass fee which might be seen costly in the short term. On the extreme end they can offer free bus pass as an incentive for students. However the challenges faced include security issues at pick-up points, non 24 hour operation and the costs incurred by the campus. It is thus noticed that bus pass culture is a better culture by weighing the pros and cons and thus it is recommended that the adoption of the U-Pass or any other discounted or free bus pass is necessary for learning in MSOE This is a report on the casual analysis of the transportation situation in Milwaukee School of Engineering with specific regard to the use of bus passes by students. This university commonly referred to as MSOE is a private university situated in the parts downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is a nonprofit making entity that offers degrees in Engineering, Nursing, Mathematics, Business, Technical communication among others. Over the years the school has had a great insurgent of graduate and undergraduate students. By 2011 the tally of students was estimated at more than 2500 students partaking both graduate and undergraduate courses. Due to the rise in the number of students, transportation to the issue has been a challenging issue and debate about the safest, most convenient and most economical form of travel students should use has been on the rising. Students, citizens and various stakeholders have put interest in the issue and have offered various suggestions on the best travel mo de for students. This university is among the

SUBBAND CODING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SUBBAND CODING - Essay Example Index terms-- template, markup, discount I. INTRODUCTION The degree to which the bit rate can be reduced or compressed without impairing the quality of the decoded signal strongly determines the efficiency of an encoding technique. Typically, speech and audio signals have a high degree of redundancy which may be exploited to reduce the bit rate. In addition, the human auditory system possesses certain properties which may be useful in reducing the bit rate without compromising the quality of the decoded signal. 1 To take advantage of the aforementioned properties, a variety of techniques have been developed to efficiently represent speech and audio signals in digital form for either transmission or storage purposes. Since two different sub bands in each signal exist, the lower-frequency band and high-frequency band, and most of the energy in the signal is contained in the lower frequencies, it is possible to encode the lower-frequency band with more bits than the high-frequency band. Sub-band coding is a powerful approach where a speech or audio signal is broken down into several frequency bands and each band is digitally encoded separately. 2 II. Sub-Band coding implementation Figure 1 shows the basic configuration of the two- band sub-band design. The input signal represented as xi (n) is divided into two equally spaced frequency bands by low pass filter and high pass filter, represented as H1 and H2 respectively. After deviation, the sampling rate of each sub-band signal is reduced by a factor of 2. For instance, if the sampling rate for the input signal is Fs, then the sampling rate for each of the sub band after the deviation will be Fs/2. Reducing the signal by a factor of 2 follows every after frequency subdivision. By allocating a different number of bits per sample to the signal in the sub-bands, a reduction in the bit rate of the digitalized speech signal can be achieved. Meanwhile, the receiver converts the sub-band signals back to their original sam pling rate by using the similar low pass and high pass filters as the input. The sum of two sub-band signals represented as xo (n) is the reconstructed signal of the input signal (Figure 1). Figure 1 After the input signal has been decomposed into two sub-band signals, each signal is then passed through the Quantizers. The resulting signals are represented as QL and QH in the figure above. Filter design is particularly important in achieving good performance in sub-band coding.2 III. implementing the system using sub-band coding A. Creating a New Paper For writing a paper from scratch using the IEEETRAN.DOT template, or creating an empty document in the template for cutting and pasting text from an existing file in some non-Word format, the following steps should be followed: 1. Copy IEEETRAN.DOT into the template’s directory, e.g., C:\MSoffice\Templates, so that it will be available from within Word. 2. Open Microsoft Word. 3. In the File menu, select New option. In the New dialog, select IEEETRAN.DOT. 4. IEEETRAN.DOT's startup macro will pop up a dialog box requesting to type in text for several of the paper’s elements. Some information may be typed in the box if all the information being asked is not yet available. In fact, the default text can be left in place for the meantime. These elements can always be edited later. Note that the macro will not be repeated when the user re-opens the document. The cursor should now be positioned near the top of the paper, indicating that the program is now ready to begin

Visual arts and film studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Visual arts and film studies - Essay Example On the board, was also an artist from Navajo nation. His name was Nataani which means son of Ogla Lakota. He is an activist and he tells stories depicting the everyday hardships of 21st Centuary.Though,he is inspiring his performance art in songs is political oriented. His songs play politics because it attacks the current leadership on how they have managed. It has highlighted some various social injustices such inequality, corruption and unfair representation. He has also involved fiction and exaggeration in narration in the music. This is to emphasize the magnitude of how people have been forgotten in America. There was also background from the real world and also imaginary which had unknown and alien logic of different temporal and special conditions to emphasize his political theme. The paintings reveal power of image, words, history and symbols to pass information. The images were used as communication tools in the native American history.There was also a common visual artist a nd rapper Witko who uses his music to shade some light on the common issues that affect his people. His artwork is politicized. He uses fine and performance art in his effort to pass the information. He insists on good virtue in his music and respect for one another in the society. Witko has a tattoo to represent fine art, a symbol which communicates louder even than the song for the people to have peace. This is to suggest an index of cultural memory such that various cultures and destinies and mission of the regions are represented by the symbol.

Is Price the Only Factor That Determines a Buyers Decision Essay Example for Free

Is Price the Only Factor That Determines a Buyers Decision Essay When consuming products and services, customers pay attention to several factors to make sure that they have made a sensible decision. Perhaps, the very first thing to be taken into account, under some circumstances, is price. However, it should not always be the sole consideration for purchasing decisions. From my point of view, apart from price, there are other determinants that can have a strong impact on a buyer’s decision, namely quality, buyer psychology and commitments that a firm offers its customers. To begin with, it can be said for sure that for most wise consumers, the quality of products or services is remembered long whereas the price is soon forgotten. When people make up their mind to consume something, they definitely want it to be worthy of their money. To be more specific, they are willing to have their ideal products although their prices can, sometimes, be very costly simply because of their durability. Long-lasting products are preferable, especially for careful consumers who are always in pursuit of the stability of the products. From another context, in terms of buyer psychology, many customers are not afraid of high cost to own certain products since not only do the products serve their needs, but they also help them to express their fashion-consciousness and status. For example, fashionable clothes enjoy increasing demand from celebrities every year though the producers set high prices. In addition, pricing low does not always work, even it can be counter-productive because consumers may assume that the products are below normal standards or the firm is going bankruptcy, which may lead to the damage of the company’s image and prestige. Last but not least, commitments to customers that a producer makes are also of great importance. These commitments usually come along with guarantees or after-sales services. Customers may pay higher amount of money for the products, however, in exchange, they are certain that they can have substitutes or indemnities when problems associated with the products happen. In other word, regardless of high prices, consumers are satisfied because they are offered certainty. In these cases, prices are also not the matter. In general, price is a significant factor that affects buyer decisions, but it is not the only determinants. Wise customers always seek for perfection from the products or services; hence, price should only be one of the aspects to be considered.

Relationship Between Nubia and Egypt

Relationship Between Nubia and Egypt Art 327: Egyptian Art Dr. Sara Orel November 20, 2014 Throughout the history of ancient Egypt, Egypt had been in contact with numerous cultures near and far from their home. Each of those cultures provided some sort of contact and relationship; whether that was political or economic or even as an enemy. One culture in particular, Nubia (later known as the Kushites with the development of the Kingdom of Kush) had been in contact and had a relationship with Egypt since as early as the first century B.C. The term ‘Nubia’ is defined as a geographic region located in the northeast corner of Africa. It straddles the Nile River and is sometimes referred to in two parts, according to the flow of the river, Lower Nubia in the North and Upper Nubia in the South.[1] For upper Nubia, the most common term was Kush. Kush was located in what is now known as Nubia, near the third cataract in ancient times. The relationship between Egypt and Nubia as stated in the beginning was mainly trade and at times dealt with military aspects. However, as time progressed the relationship became more complex. It had changed depending on the political and economic climate of the time. To the Egyptians, the Nubians represented a trading partner, an enemy, a military asset, a conquered colony, and at times a conqueror. The beginning contact or relationship was not as complex as the end. The Nubians relied on their northern neighbor for some time. However towards the twentieth century that relationship soon changed. Egypt had control over Nubia for nearly five-hundred years. However, towards the twentieth century Egypt lost control due to the decline of the Egyptian government at the end of Ramses II. That lost control would be devastating to Egypt due to the gold deposits found in Nubia and opened up the door for Libyans to take control. However, it would give chance to Nubia to make a stance and take control themselves. The relationship between Egypt and Nubia changed drastically in the years from 750-730 BC when the Kingdom of Kush and the Nubian prince, Piankhy (also known as Piye) pushed northward to capture Egypt from Libyan control and establish their capital at Thebes. Just as a note, King Piankhy of Dynasty XXV reigned in Nubia for nearly thirty-one years (747-716 BC). We have archaeological evidence pointing to this through a large granite stela known as the ‘Victory Stela of Piy’ found in 1862 at Gebel Barkal in the Temple of Amun at Napata.[2] The stela measures 1.80 meters by 1.84 meters. It is inscribed on all four sides, with a total of 159 lines of hieroglyphs.[3] It now currently resides in the Cairo Museum. The relief at the top shows Amun enthroned on the left with Mut standing behind him and Piankhy before him. It is a narration of Piye’s conquest of all of Egypt. [4] It is much like the New Kingdom Annals of Thutmosis III in factualness but is much more vivid. It paints the portrait of a Nubian king who was â€Å"forceful, shrewd, and generous†.[5] â€Å"Hear what I did, exceeding the ancestors, I the King, image of god, Living likeness of Atum! Who left the womb marked as ruler, Feared by those greater than he! His father knew, he mother perceived: He would be ruler from the egg, The Good God, beloved of gods, The son of Re, who acts with his arms, Piye beloved-of-Amun.†[6] Piye always meant to rule Egypt but he had preferred treaties over warfare, unlike his later adversary the Assyrians. It states that he was extremely pious and especially devoted to Amun. Egyptians rather welcomed the Nubian prince, preferring him over the Libyans, scholars attest this to the cultural similarities between Egypt and Nubia and also the physical similarities as well. The Nubians ruled from Nubia to as far as the Delta, they portrayed themselves not with the Egyptian crown with one cobra uraeus but with two cobras. Nubian rule over Egypt was short lived, lasting less than a hundred years. The end came with an attack by the Assyrians, pushing them further south and relocating their capital from Thebes to Meroe. The Nubian rule was succeeded by a vigorous Egyptian dynasty coming from Sais in the XXVI dynasty. During this time the Egypt was rebuilt as a strong centralized and prosperous state.[7] The relations with Nubia at this time were at first peaceful, but in 592 BC, Psamtik II attacked Nubia and claimed a victory. However, he did not gain control. What prompted this attack is still not known, but is recorded on the ‘Victory Stela of King Psamtik II’ and is viewed by many as an act of revenge when Nubia controlled Egypt. â€Å"The troops your majesty sent to Nubia have reached the hill-country of Pnubs. It is a land lacking a battlefield, a place lacking horses. The Nubians of every hill-country rose up against him, their hearts full of rage against him. His attack took place, and it was misery for the rebels. His majesty has done a fighter’s work.† [8] The relationship between Nubia and Egypt remained strained with the Saite power in Egypt but improved in the Ptolemaic period with the Meroitic Kingdom. There were, as usual, times of trouble between the two nations during this period. There was one occasion were the Meroites invaded Egypt in the upper kingdom. However, trade between Egypt and Nubia appeared to have increased considerably. [9] The wealth and stimulation from this trade helped initiate a cultural renaissance in the Meroitic heartland with the border remaining near Maharraqa in the middle of Lower Nubia.[10] The cooperation between the two is symbolized in the temples at Dakka and Philae. As time went on, the relationship between the two continued until around 350 AD when the Axumite Kingdom attacked and completely destroyed the Meroe Kingdom. After this time Nubia became a Christian nation. From the beginning contact to the end, the relationship between Nubia and Egypt was very complex. The contact and relationship between the two always seemed to go back and forth from a peaceful relationship to one with hostility. However complex their relationship was, Egypt and Nubia both developed through political, economic, and cultural means depending on who held power at the time. It is no secret that Nubia played an important, however brief, in Egyptian history. What we know of them largely comes from the texts and inscriptions from Egyptians. However, with excavations still being pursued in Nubia there is still much to be discovered. Works Cited BBC. The Story of Africa: Nile Valley. 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section3.shtml accessed November 15, 2014. Harkless, Necia Desiree. Nubian Pharaohs and Meroitic Kings: The Kingdom of Kush. Bloomington: Author House, 2006 Lacovara, Majorie Fisher and Peter. Ancient Nubia: African Kingdom on the Nile. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2012. Lichtheim, Miriam. Ancient Egyptian Literature: The Late Period. Vol. 3. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980. Redford, Donald B. From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Shubert, Steven Blake. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient. Edited by Kathryn A. Bard. London: Routledge, 2005. Smith, Stuart Tyson. Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypts Nubian Empire. London: Routledge, 2003. Trigger, Bruce G. New Light on the History of Lower Nubia. Anthropologica (Canadian Anthropology Society) 10, no. 1 (1968): 81-106. Accessed 13 November 2014. url http://www.jstor.org/stable/25604760. [1] Majorie Fisher and Peter Lacovara, Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile, (Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press) 5. [2] Donald B. Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt, (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press) 101. [3] Ibid, 101. [4] Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, v.3, (Los Angeles: University of California Press) 66. [5] Ibid, 66. [6] Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, v.3, (Los Angeles: University of California Press) 68. [7] Ibid, 66. [8] Ibid, 85. [9] Bruce G. Trigger, â€Å"New Light on the History of Lower Nubia†, Anthropologica (1968): 95, access 15 November 2014, url: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25604760. [10] Ibid, 95.